We previously reported that gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates cells
via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, whereas the mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid …

The recognition of mycobacterial cell wall components causes macrophages to secrete
tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and other cytokines that are essential for the development of …

BACKGROUND Mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins are pattern recognition
receptors for a diverse array of bacterial and viral products. Gram negative bacterial …

Recent studies have implicated a family of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the
activation of macrophages by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial products. We have …

A family of Toll-like receptor (TLR) mediates the cellular response to bacterial cell wall
components; murine TLR2 and TLR4 recognize mycoplasmal lipopeptides (macrophage …

Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of Toll-like receptors
(TLRs), this paper reviews several main properties of TLRs and their ligands and signaling …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a pivotal role in the innate immune response, and the
expression levels of these receptors may reflect the sensitivity of immune cells to infections …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces activation of the transcription factor nuclear
factor κB (NF-κB) in host cells upon infection. LPS binds to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol …

Abstract Activation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (IL-1R), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and
TLR4 triggers NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis
has been reported to differ structurally and functionally from enterobacterial LPS. These …