B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal
centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary …

Protective antibody responses to vaccination or infection depend on affinity maturation, a
process by which high-affinity germinal center (GC) B cells are selected on the basis of their …

Highlights•Antigen-specific naive human B cell repertoire analysis as clinical trial
prelude.•Protein-specific and epitope-specific quantitation of B cells before antigen …

B cell subsets differ in development, tissue distribution, and mechanisms of activation. In
response to infections, however, all can differentiate into extrafollicular plasmablasts that …

The majority of all vaccines work by inducing protective antibody responses. The
mechanisms by which the B cells responsible for producing protective antibodies are elicited …

Acute viral infections are characterized by rapid increases in viral load, leading to cellular
damage and the resulting induction of complex innate and adaptive antiviral immune …

For many infections and almost all vaccines, neutralizing-antibody-mediated immunity is the
primary basis and best functional correlate of immunological protection. Durable long-term …

Highlights•Unique developmental paths generate self-reactive B-1 constraint in BCR
responses.•Extensive repertoire shaping of B-1 cells for months after birth.•Accumulating …

Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response
and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against …