In response to a stressor, physiological changes are set into motion to help an individual
cope with the stressor. However, chronic activation of these stress responses, which include …

This paper reviews the role of catecholamines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
system in the mediation of stress-induced immune changes in both human and animal …

The neuroendocrine and immune systems play major roles in the adaptation and, hence,
survival of the organism. 1, 2 Any “stressor” or threat to the stability or “homeostasis” of the …

Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies
that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and …

Associations between stress and health outcomes have now been carefully documented,
but the mechanisms by which stress specifically influences disease susceptibility and …

Stress is known to suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infections and
cancer. Paradoxically, stress is also known to exacerbate asthma, and allergic, autoimmune …

Highlights•Psychological stress can dysregulate the human immune system.•Stress can
impact immunity differentially across individuals and contexts.•Recent work in this area has …

Stressors can positively or adversely affect immune and inflammatory responses. However,
the current understanding of these effects at the cellular and molecular levels is not sufficient …

The old notion that stress exacerbates the progression of physical illness via its
corticosteroid-mediated immunosuppressive effects must be revised. Experimental and …

There is a well-documented link between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune
system. Under stress, CNS releases stress hormones that perturb the balance and stability …