The neuroendocrine and immune systems play major roles in the adaptation and, hence,
survival of the organism. 1, 2 Any “stressor” or threat to the stability or “homeostasis” of the …

Stressors can positively or adversely affect immune and inflammatory responses. However,
the current understanding of these effects at the cellular and molecular levels is not sufficient …

In response to a stressor, physiological changes are set into motion to help an individual
cope with the stressor. However, chronic activation of these stress responses, which include …

It is widely believed that stress suppresses immune function and increases susceptibility to
infections and cancer. Paradoxically, stress is also known to exacerbate allergic …

The stress system is controlled by brain nuclei at the hypothalamus andbrainstem. These
nuclei interact with each other and control the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous systems …

The notion that some combination of excessive “stress” and inadequate coping may
increase susceptibility to illness has long been part of our conventional wisdom. Yet, until …

There is a well-documented link between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune
system. Under stress, CNS releases stress hormones that perturb the balance and stability …

Stress is known to suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infections and
cancer. Paradoxically, stress is also known to exacerbate asthma, and allergic, autoimmune …

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) research has long been concerned with the relationships
between excessive psychological stress and health risks. Ancient medical authorities …

Abstract that an infrastructure exists for communication between the central nervous and
immune systems has been known for many years; however, it is only recently that the …