Chronic, excessive neuroinflammation is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases such
as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammatory …

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death globally. Despite extensive research
and considerable advances in cancer therapy, the fundamentals of the disease remain …

Circulating lactate levels are a critical biomarker for sepsis and are positively correlated with
sepsis-associated mortality. We investigated whether lactate plays a biological role in …

The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-
activating polypeptide (PACAP) have emerged as mediators of migraine pathogenesis. Both …

Cancer is a complex disease resulting from abnormal cell growth that is induced by a
number of genetic and environmental factors. The tumor microenvironment (TME), which …

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a central regulator of cardiac performance and morphology.
Myocardial PKA activation is induced by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and stress …

Bile acids (BA) are amphipathic steroid acids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They
act as detergents to expedite the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and lipophilic …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of
cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes …

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second
messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1–9 …

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex progressive endocrine disease
characterized by hyperglycemia and life-threatening complications. It is the most common …