Animal poisons and venoms are comprised of different classes of molecules displaying wide-
ranging pharmacological activities. This review aims to provide an in-depth view of toxin …

The venom of the marine predatory cone snails (genus Conus) has evolved for prey capture
and defense, providing the basis for survival and rapid diversification of the now estimated …

Chronic pain affects one in five of the general population and is the third most important
cause of disability-adjusted life-years globally. Unfortunately, treatment remains inadequate …

Peptides are recognized as being highly selective, potent and relatively safe as potential
therapeutics. Peptides isolated from the venom of different animals satisfy most of these …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been historically defined as ligand-gated
ion channels and function as such in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recently …

Molluscs are extremely diverse invertebrate animals with a rich fossil record, highly
divergent life cycles, and considerable economical and ecological importance. Key …

Ion channels play fundamental roles in both excitable and non-excitable tissues and
therefore constitute attractive drug targets for myriad neurological, cardiovascular and …

There have been numerous attempts to develop non-opioid drugs for severe pain, but the
vast majority of these efforts have failed. A notable exception is Ziconotide (Prialt®) …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are actively being investigated as therapeutic
targets for the treatment of pain and inflammation, but despite more than 30 years of …

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a serious and often persistent
adverse consequence of certain chemotherapeutic agents. It is a major dose-limiting factor …