Much evidence shows that physical exercise (PE) is a strong gene modulator that induces
structural and functional changes in the brain, determining enormous benefit on both …

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the onset of diabetes. This review summarizes the
role of Vitamin D in maintaining the normal release of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells (β …

The British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines specify the scope and targets of
treatment for bipolar disorder. The third version is based explicitly on the available evidence …

Abstract Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, NDU) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase,
COX) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain have been implicated in the …

The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

Despite its debilitating symptoms, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains
unclear. One consistently compelling finding, however, has been the presence of oxidative …

Depression is caused by a change in neural activity resulting from an increase in glutamate
that drives excitatory neurons and may be responsible for the decline in the activity and …

Oxidative stress is defined as the persistent imbalance between the activity of toxic reactive
forms of both oxygen and nitrogen and the antioxidant defense. In low concentrations, they …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by severe and biphasic
changes in mood. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to …

Purpose of the review The purpose of this review is to critically assess the evidence for
exercise as an adjunct intervention for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder …