The mammalian Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family consists of 13 members, and recognizes
specific patterns of microbial components, called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of a wide range of microbial products
including lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, flagellin, and bacterial DNA, and signaling …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …

The type I interferon (IFN) response initiated by detection of nucleic acids is important for
antiviral defense but is also associated with specific autoimmune diseases. Mutations in the …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the
loss of tolerance to nuclear self antigens, the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and …

When cells die in vivo, they trigger an inflammatory response. The ensuing hyperemia, leak
of plasma proteins, and recruitment of leukocytes serve a number of useful functions in host …

Until recently, the brain was studied almost exclusively by neuroscientists and the immune
system by immunologists, fuelling the notion that these systems represented two isolated …

An emerging paradigm in innate immune signalling is that cell biological context can
influence the outcome of a ligand–receptor interaction. In this Review we discuss how Toll …

One of the most fundamental questions in immunology pertains to the recognition of non-
self, which for the most part means microbes. How do we initially realize that we have been …

Increased concentrations of DNA-containing immune complexes in the serum are
associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Stimulation of Toll-like …