A majority of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving in
the absence of medical interventions. Various innate and adaptive immune responses, as …

Early biochemical experiments established that the set of dinucleotide odds ratios or
'general design'is a remarkably stable property of the DNA of an organism, which is …

Vertebrate genomes exhibit marked CG suppression—that is, lower than expected numbers
of 5′-CG-3′ dinucleotides. This feature is likely to be due to C-to-T mutations that have …

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been identified as a potent secretor of the type I
interferons (IFNs) in response to CpG as well as several viruses. In this study, we examined …

The immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) is identical with the principal type I IFN‐
producing cell upon viral infection. Oligodeoxynucleotides which contain unmethylated CpG …

HIV-1 directly activates human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) by upregulating the expression of
costimulatory and MHC molecules and maturation markers, increasing T cell stimulatory …

Revealing the determinants of codon usage bias is central to the understanding of factors
governing viral evolution. Herein, we report the results of a survey of codon usage bias in a …

CpG-DNA or its synthetic analog CpG-ODN activates innate immunity through Toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the mechanism of TLR9 activation by CpG-DNA remains …

APOBEC3 enzymes are innate immune effectors that introduce mutations into viral
genomes. These enzymes are cytidine deaminases which transform cytosine into uracil …

Inhibition of gene expression through RNA interference (RNAi) is emerging as a powerful
experimental tool for gene function and target validation studies. The potential uses of this …