The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor
microenvironment (TME) can reprogram tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and …

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed
cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T …

Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has become a promising therapeutic
strategy with encouraging therapeutic outcomes due to their durable anti-tumor effects …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment
for hematological tumors, but the treatment of solid tumors still lacks effectiveness. In the …

Tumor microenvironment (TME), which characteristically displays hypoxia,
immunosuppression, reprogramming metabolism and mild acidity, has been considered as …

Biomacromolecular drugs have become an important class of therapeutic agents for the
treatment of human diseases. Considering their high propensity for being degraded in the …

Immunosuppression is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC),
contributing to early metastasis and poor patient survival. Compared to the localized tumors …