Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an evolving infectious disease that
dramatically spread all over the world in the early part of 2020. No studies have yet …

As the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2014, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) presents a significant challenge to the health care provider. 1 …

This Executive Summary of the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and
Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is
the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is …

Rationale: Severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are
major causes of health care costs mostly related to hospitalization. The role of infections in …

Background The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular'reactive oxygen species'(ROSs) can exhibit a …

Respiratory and/or limb muscle dysfunction, which are frequently observed in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, contribute to their disease prognosis …

Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host,
bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. These factors increase the inflammatory …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with cough,
sputum production or dyspnoea and a reduction in lung function, quality of life and life …

Secondary bacterial infections often complicate respiratory viral infections, but the
mechanisms whereby viruses predispose to bacterial disease are not completely …