Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness characterized by changes in mood that
alternate between mania and hypomania or between depression and mixed states, often …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and progressive psychiatric illness characterized by mood
oscillations, with episodes of mania and depression. The impact of BD on patients can be …

Bipolar disorder is one of the most severely debilitating of all medical illnesses. It can lead to
significant suffering for patients and their families, limit functioning and workplace …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness described by severe changes in mood.
Extensive research has been carried out to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of …

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder marked by clinical and
pathophysiological heterogeneity. There is a high expectation that personalized approaches …

The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

Highlights•Bipolar disorder has a large genetic component, with many loci
involved.•Leading genes include CACNA1C and ANK3.•There is genetic convergence on …

Regardless of which of the mechanisms described here plays a primary or secondary role in
the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, all of these interact to worsen clinical outcomes for …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a leading cause of global disability. Its biological basis is unknown,
and its treatment unsatisfactory. Here, we review two recent areas of progress. First, the …

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a devastating illness that is characterized by recurrent episodes of
mania and depression. In addition to these cyclic episodes, individuals with BPD exhibit …