Although opioids are highly effective analgesics, they are also known to induce cellular
adaptations resulting in tolerance. Experimental studies are often performed in the absence …

Opioids mediate their analgesic effects by activating μ-opioid receptors (MOR) not only
within the central nervous system but also on peripheral sensory neurons. The peripheral …

Opioid ligands may exert antinociception through receptors expressed on peripheral afferent
axons. Whether local opioid receptors might attenuate neuropathic pain is uncertain. In this …

Traditionally, opioid analgesia has been attributed to the activation of opioid receptors
exclusively within the central nervous system. In fact, standard text books still teach medical …

Many chronic pain disorders alternate between bouts of pain and periods of remission. The
latent sensitization model reproduces this in rodents by showing that the apparent recovery …

μ-Opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly5-ol] enkephalin (DAMGO)-induced
peripheral analgesic effects occur early in hindpaws inoculated with Freund's complete …

The advance in our understanding of the biogenesis of various endogenous opioid
peptides, their anatomical distribution, and the characteristics of the multiple receptors with …

Intraplantar formalin injection is widely used as an experimental model of tonic pain. We
investigated the role of endogenous μ-opioid receptor mechanisms in formalin-induced …

One day after intraplantar inoculation of Mycobacterium butyricum into the right hind-paw,
unilaterally inflamed and control rats were implanted subcutaneously with osmotic mini …

Opioid receptors are synthesized in dorsal root ganglia and transported into peripheral
terminals of primary afferent neurons. Activation of such receptors results in antinociceptive …