Opioids have been used medicinally for millennia for their potent effects on nociception.
However, the past 20 years have led to important insights into the influences and …

Morphine has received intensive research interest for a long time. However, until recently,
the protective versus destructive roles of morphine in the neuronal system have not been …

Pain has a useful protective role; through avoidance learning, it helps to decrease the
probability of engaging in tissue-damaging, or otherwise dangerous experiences. In our …

Opioids have played a critical role in achieving pain relief in both modern and ancient
medicine. Yet, their clinical use can be limited secondary to unwanted side effects such as …

Neuropathic pain is the most common clinical disorder destroying the quality of patient life
and leading to a marked economic and social burden. Opioids are still last option for …

Opioid analgesics are highly effective for treating many forms of acute and chronic pain. The
development of opioid analgesic tolerance is a pharmacological phenomenon indicative of …

Opiates lack potent analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain although it is now generally
accepted that the poor effect of these drugs reflects a reduction in their potency. Reduction of …

Opioids are an extremely important part of medical practice, and for thousands of years,
continued to provide relief from severe acute and chronic pain. Intriguingly, use of opioids …

Historically, the nociceptive/analgesic effect of naturally occurring opiates such as morphine
has long been recognized by humans. Advances in research in the last several decades …

Recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that cotreatments with extremely
low doses of opioid receptor antagonists can markedly enhance the efficacy and specificity …