To clarify the focus, a distinction can be made between upstream, midstream, and
downstream stages of intervention for a prevention system. Downstream prevention is …

Background A special session of the World Health Assembly (WHA) will be convened in late
2021 to consider developing a WHO convention, agreement or other international …

World Health Organization (WHO) member states have tasked an Intergovernmental
Negotiating Body with developing an initial draft of a “pandemic treaty” by August 2022, with …

Across multiple pandemics, global health governance institutions have struggled to secure
the compliance of states with international legal and political commitments, ranging from …

Global health advocates often turn to medicine and science for solutions to enduring health
risks, but law is also a powerful tool. No state acting alone can ward off health threats that …

On March 30, 2021, the heads of state of 26 nations, joined by the executive director of the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the president of the European Council, called for an …

Fundamental revisions to the International Health Regulations in 2005 were meant to herald
a new era of global health security and cooperation. Yet, 10 years later, the International …

The revised International Health Regulations (IHR) 1 entered into force on June 15, 2007,
obligating (now) 196 States Parties to detect, assess, report, and respond to potential public …

Epidemic risk assessment and response relies on rapid information sharing. Using
examples from the past decade, we discuss the limitations of the present system for outbreak …

Anthropogenic changes to the environment are facilitating the spread of animal pathogens
into human populations. A global focus on detecting and containing emerging infectious …