Biological studies of bipolar disorder initially focused on the mechanism of action for
antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs, and the roles of monoamines (eg, serotonin …

Although the role of a genetic factor is established in bipolar disorder, causative genes or
robust genetic risk factors have not been identified. Increased incidence of subcortical …

Bipolar disorder is one of the most severely debilitating of all medical illnesses. It can lead to
significant suffering for patients and their families, limit functioning and workplace …

Bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness) is a common, severe, chronic, and often
life-threatening illness, associated with significant comorbidity. The recognition of the …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness described by severe changes in mood.
Extensive research has been carried out to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of …

Highlights•Bipolar disorder has a large genetic component, with many loci
involved.•Leading genes include CACNA1C and ANK3.•There is genetic convergence on …

Given its chronicity, contribution to disability and morbidity, and prevalence of more than 2%,
the effective treatment, and prevention of bipolar disorder represents an area of significant …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a leading cause of global disability. Its biological basis is unknown,
and its treatment unsatisfactory. Here, we review two recent areas of progress. First, the …

Importance Genome-wide investigations provide systematic information regarding the
neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Objective To identify biological pathways that …

Clinical studies over the years have provided evidence that monoamine signaling and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disruption are integral to the pathophysiology of bipolar …