The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Here we report multiple lines of evidence for a comprehensive model of energy metabolism
in the vertebrate eye. Metabolic flux, locations of key enzymes, and our finding that glucose …

Photoreceptors, especially cones, which are enriched in the human macula, have high
energy demands, making them vulnerable to metabolic stress. Metabolic dysfunction of …

The retina is part of the central nervous system, and shares the characteristically high
metabolism of the brain. The high energy demand of the retina is normally matched with a …

Photoreceptors are the first‐order neurons of the visual pathway, converting light into
electrical signals. Rods and cones are the two main types of photoreceptors in the …

Neuronal energy demands are met by a tightly coupled and adaptive vascular network that
supplies nutrients and oxygen. The retina is one of the highest energy-consuming organs …

Metabolite transport is a major function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to support the
neural retina. RPE dysfunction plays a significant role in retinal degenerative diseases. We …

Photoreceptors need the support of pigment epithelial (PE) and Müller glial cells in order to
maintain visual sensitivity and neurotransmitter resynthesis. In rod outer segments (ROS), all …

Visual perception by photoreceptors relies on the interaction of incident photons from light
with a derivative of vitamin A that is covalently linked to an opsin molecule located in a …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells,
strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of …