Background High expression of immune checkpoints in tumor microenvironment plays
significant roles in inhibiting anti-tumor immunity, which is associated with poor prognosis …

Aberrant expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) in cancer creates an immunosuppressive
microenvironment, which supports immune evasion of tumor cells. We have recently …

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed human
malignancy worldwide. Upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints by tumor-infiltrating …

There is an exponentially growing interest in targeting immune checkpoint molecules in
breast cancer (BC), particularly in the triple-negative subtype where unmet treatment needs …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1
(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune …

Constitutive expression of the immune checkpoint, PD-L1, inhibits anti-tumor immune
responses in cancer, although the factors involved in PD-L1 regulation are poorly …

Background DNA methylation of the immune checkpoint gene PD-L1 has recently been
shown to be associated with PD-L1 mRNA expression in various malignancies. This study …

Immunotherapy strategies have been emerging as powerful weapons against cancer. Early
clinical trials reveal that overall response to immunotherapy is low in breast cancer patients …

A balance between co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals in the tumor microenvironment
(TME) is critical to suppress tumor development and progression, primarily via maintaining …

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) can produce durable antitumor responses in various
cancer types; however, the responses are not universal, and the predictive biomarkers are …