Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

Over the past decade we have learned much about nucleic acid recognition by the innate
immune system and in particular by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These receptors localize to …

Immunological defense depends on the ability of the innate immune system to recognize
invading microbes as foreign and thus eliminate them. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) help …

TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous “alarmins” to initiate
host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of …

Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain
microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are …

Nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to DNA/RNA derived from
pathogens and dead cells. Structural studies have revealed a variety of molecular …

Besides their well known functions in storage and translation of information nucleic acids
have emerged as a target of pattern recognition receptors that drive activation of innate …

Foreign nucleic acids, the signature of invading viruses and certain bacteria, are sensed
intracellularly. The nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect and signal within …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

TLRs are a family of innate receptors whose specificities are predetermined in the germline.
Therefore, TLRs have evolved to recognize conserved features of microbes. Viruses …