We know very little about the genetic basis of adaptation. Indeed, we can make no
theoretical predictions, however heuristic, about the distribution of phenotypic effects among …

It is now clear that the genetic basis of adaptation does not resemble that assumed by the
infinitesimal model. Instead, adaptation often involves a modest number of factors of large …

I describe several patterns characterizing the genetics of adaptation at the DNA level.
Following Gillespie (1983, 1984, 1991), I consider a population presently fixed for the ith …

Most theoretical models in population genetics fail to deal in a realistic manner with the
process of mutation. They are consequently not informative about the central evolutionary …

We review the various factors that limit adaptation by natural selection. Recent discussion of
constraints on selection and, conversely, of the factors that enhance “evolvability”, have …

We develop as a scientific research program (sensu Lakatos, 1978) the essential
assumptions used in applying optimization techniques to the study of adaptation. The …

Adaptation is characterized by the movement of a population toward a many‐character
optimum, movement that results in an increase in fitness. Here I calculate the rate at which …

Theoretical studies of adaptation have exploded over the past decade. This work has been
inspired by recent, surprising findings in the experimental study of adaptation. For example …

Theoretical work on adaptation has lagged behind experimental. But two classes of
adaptation model have been partly explored. One is phenotypic and the other DNA …

Adaptation lies at the heart of Darwinian evolution. Accordingly, numerous studies have tried
to provide a formal framework for the description of the adaptive process. Of these, two …