Animals' associative learning plays a crucial role in many intraspecific or interspecific
interactions, involving an animal's use of information on its interacting counterparts. Here …

Undefended or weakly defended prey species can evolve to resemble better-defended prey
(models) in a potentially parasitic relationship called Batesian mimicry. However, some …

Ever since Alfred R. Wallace suggested brightly coloured, toxic insects warn predators about
their unprofitability, evolutionary biologists have searched for an explanation of how these …

Warning signals are an effective defence strategy for aposematic prey, but only if they are
recognized by potential predators. If predators must eat prey to associate novel warning …

The evolution of prey warning coloration is, literally, a textbook example of Darwinian
adaptive evolution by natural selection. The cornerstone of this evolutionary process is a …

Associative learning theories presume the existence of a general purpose learning process,
the structure of which does not mirror the demands of any particular learning problem. In …

The initial evolution of conspicuous warning signals presents an evolutionary problem
because selection against rare conspicuous signals is presumed to be strong, and new …

Recent debate has questioned whether animal social learning truly deserves the label"
social"[1]. Solitary animals can sometimes learn from conspecifics [2, 3], and social learning …

Inexperienced predators are assumed to select for similarity of warning signals in
aposematic species (Müllerian mimicry) when learning to avoid them. Recent theoretical …

Aposematism is the signalling of a defence for the deterrence of predators. We presently
focus on aposematic organisms that exhibit chemical defences, which are usually signalled …