Evidence is presented for excess attenuation of pulsed ultrasound due to finite amplitude
effects in water. Measurements on a modern scanner are used to demonstrate that linear …

Energy losses resulting from the nonlinear propagation of ultrasonic pulses in water have
been measured using a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane hydrophone and a radiation …

Formulation of indices that can be used as predictors of biological effects of ultrasound
involves a process called derating, in which measurements of the sound field made in water …

The prediction of the acoustic levels occurring in a patient during ultrasound examination is
important for the assessment of equipment safety. While considerable effort has been …

The acoustic output of medical ultrasonic equipment is usually measured in water but to
determine the safety (or performance) of a machine it is necessary to know the in situ …

Safety standards for clinical diagnostic ultrasonic devices were developed for use in
relatively low-frequency systems (1–10 MHz), under the assumption that non-linear effects …

There has been considerable progress towards the identification of relevant physical
quantities and towards developing experimental methods for ultrasound exposure …

Trends in exposure for diagnostic ultrasonic equipment and a contemporary survey of
exposure values are presented. It is demonstrated that both time-averaged intensities and …

Over the past ten years ultrasound has become well established as the basis of a varied and
expanding group of medical diagnostic techniques. It is also used therapeutically in a wide …

Biomedical applications of ultrasound have experienced tremendous growth over the past
50 years. Early work in thermal therapy and surgery soon was followed by diagnostic …