Several studies have shown that activation of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2ARs) leads to mild
analgesic effects. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as desipramine (DMI), which block …

Norepinephrine and serotonin involvement in nociceptive functions is supported by
observations of analgesic effects of norepinephrine transporter (NET) and serotonin …

Multimodal analgesia is designed to optimize pain relief by coadministering drugs with
distinct mechanisms of action or by combining multiple pharmacologies within a single …

α2A-Adrenoceptors mediate the antinociceptive effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists in mice,
and analgesic synergism between noradrenergic and opioidergic mechanisms has been …

δ-Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate nociceptive and emotional
responses. It has been well established that distinct agonists acting at the same G-protein …

Rationale Neuropathic pain is characterised by hyperexcitability within nociceptive
pathways that manifests behaviourally as allodynia and hyperalgesia and remains difficult to …

Morphine induces antinociception by activating μ opioid receptors (μORs) in spinal and
supraspinal regions of the CNS. βarrestin-2 (βarr2), a G-protein-coupled receptor-regulating …

The μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) is expressed in brain regions implicated in reward and
locomotor processes. Reduced reward, not only from opiates, but also from several other …

Our aim was to investigate the functional properties of the noradrenergic system in
genetically modified mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter (NET). We measured the …

Noradrenaline (NA), a key neurotransmitter of the endogenous pain inhibitory system,
acutely inhibits nociceptive transmission (including that mediated by substance P) …