Most taxa of aquatic invertebrates exhibit (1) strong variation in number and size of offspring,
and (2) an association between adult size and mode of development, and also between …

Freshwater and marine organisms show similar models of parental care and are faced with
similar constraints to brood, which suggest that comparable environmental limits drive the …

Encapsulated development with extraembryonic yolk may lead to competition for nutrients
within egg capsules. In this research, different degrees of competition among embryos in …

Encapsulated development in the intertidal environment can potentially expose developing
embryos to environmental stresses, particularly during low tides. Such stresses can affect …

Oxygen limitation and surface area to volume relationships of the egg were long thought to
constrain egg size in aquatic environments, but more recent evidence indicates that egg size …

The pipefish brood pouch presents a unique mode of parental care that enables males to
protect, osmoregulate, nourish and oxygenate the developing young. Using a very fine O2 …

Oxygen availability in the aggregation of offspring has been shown to be a critical factor
affecting the survival and development of embryos in aquatic systems. It is not yet known …

Egg capsules of the gastropod Acanthina monodon were maintained during the entire
period of encapsulated development at three temperatures (10, 15, 20° C) and two pCO 2 …

Variation in size at hatching is common in demersal spawning organisms, suggesting that
processes during embryonic development may be critical in determining growth and …

Offspring fitness generally improves with increasing egg size. Yet, eggs of most aquatic
organisms are small. A common but largely untested assumption is that larger embryos …