Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a potent inhibitor of mammary epithelial proliferation.
In human breast, estrogen receptor (ER)-α cells rarely co-localize with markers of …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pluripotent cytokine that can inhibit epithelial
proliferation and induce apoptosis, but is also widely implicated in breast cancer …

To better understand the dual, tumour-suppressive and tumour-promoting function of
transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), we analysed mammary epithelial NMuMG cells in …

Based largely on studies of cell lines in vitro and of transgenic mouse models, disruptions of
transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling are thought to contribute to the development …

Background TGF-β resistance often develops in breast cancer cells that in turn overproduce
this cytokine to create a local immunosuppressive environment that fosters tumor growth and …

In most human breast cancers, lowering of TGFβ receptor-or Smad gene expression
combined with increased levels of TGFβs in the tumor microenvironment is sufficient to …

Introduction Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is proposed to inhibit the growth of
epithelial cells in early tumorigenesis, and to promote tumor cell motility and invasion in the …

Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathways are
major regulators during mammary gland development, function and tumorigenesis …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs are plausible candidate tumor suppressors in the
breast. They also have oncogenic activities under certain circumstances, however …

It is now recognized that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an important factor that
regulates normal breast development as well as breast cancer. Genetically engineered …