A very common everyday experience is the construction of spatial mental representations
from navigation, inspection of maps, or even from verbal descriptions. The construction of a …

This experiment investigated the reactive effects of verbal reports on spatial mental models.
Participants studied a map marked with a route and then either verbalized their memory for …

An environment can be experienced by moving around in it, inspecting it from above,
studying a map, or listening to a verbal description. How does learning from different spatial …

Navigating through an environment and viewing a map of that environment can result in
different types of cognitive representation. Maps are typically encoded in the same …

Virtual environments are already used frequently in research and practice. However, it
remained unclear to what extent human spatial behavior in real and virtual environments are …

Background. One of the aims of research in spatial cognition is to examine the factors
capable of optimizing environment learning from navigation, which can be examined using a …

The purpose of the present study is twofold: the first objective is to evaluate the importance
of visual experience for the ability to form a spatial representation (spatial mental model) of …

Two experiments investigate how people create spatial mental models (SMMs) as a function
of presentation format. Spatial representations following a route within a virtual environment …

This study aimed to investigate the influence of the spatial structure of virtual environments
on the mental representation that people form. Three groups of participants visited the …

This study examines the involvement of spatial and visual working memory (WM) in the
construction of flexible spatial models derived from survey and route descriptions. Sixty …