We formulate a two-phase paradigm of autoimmunity associated with systemic lupus
erythematosus, the archetypal autoimmune disease. The initial Toll-like receptor (TLR) …

Abstract The DExD/H box RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the
melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are key intracellular receptors that …

Viral infections trigger innate immune responses, including the production of type I
interferons (IFN-α and-β) and other proinflammatory cytokines. Novel antiviral cytokines IFN …

Virus replication induces the expression of antiviral type I (IFN-αβ) and type III (IFN-λ1–3 or
IL-28A/B and IL-29) IFN genes via TLR-dependent and-independent pathways. Although …

The innate immune system plays critical roles in recognizing viral infections and evoking
initial anti‐viral responses. Nucleotides from RNA viruses are recognized by retinoic acid …

Various cells in the body are capable of sensing infectious viruses and initiating reactions
collectively known as antiviral innate responses. These responses include the production of …

The NS1 protein of influenza A virus is a major virulence factor that is essential for
pathogenesis. NS1 functions to impair innate and adaptive immunity by inhibiting host signal …

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is an essential component of virus-activated
signaling pathways that induce protective IFN responses. Its localization to the outer …

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has long been recognized as a central component of the
interferon (IFN) system. It was originally characterized as a key mediator of IFN induction in …

Since the discovery of interferon 50years ago a great deal of progress has been made in
understanding how interferons work and how and why they are induced. Key factors in …