Abstract Study Objectives: The trigeminal nuclear complex (V) contains cholinergic neurons
and includes the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSTN) which receives sensory input …

Background Systemically administered morphine inhibits rapid eye movement (REM) sleep;
however, the neuronal mechanisms through which morphine disrupts REM sleep remain …

Abstract Study Objectives: The medullary hypoglossal nucleus (XII) innervates the
genioglossal muscles of the tongue, and opioid-induced alterations in tongue muscle tone …

There is good evidence from animal studies for segregation in the processing of non‐
nociceptive and nociceptive information within the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear …

Intrathecal application of morphine is among the most powerful methods used to treat severe
chronic pain. However, this approach commonly produces itch sufficiently severe that …

Background Opioids inhibit the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep and decrease
acetylcholine (ACh) release in medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) regions …

It is generally accepted that morphine acts presynaptically to inhibit substance P (SP)
release from afferent terminals in the trigeminal nucleus. Recent studies, however, provide …

Aims Overuse of medications used to treat migraine headache can increase the frequency of
headaches. Sudden abstinence from migraine medication can also lead to a period of …

Morphine, a μ-opioid receptor agonist, is a commonly prescribed treatment for pain.
Although highly efficacious, morphine has many unwanted side effects including disruption …

The trigeminal nerve (Vn) is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves. Although
the V and spinal systems share the general function of relaying somatic sensory information …