Recently, significant interest has emerged in fabricated systems that mimic the behavior of
geometrically frustrated materials. We present the full realization of such an artificial spin ice …

Spin ices are exotic phases of matter characterized by frustrated spins obeying local “ice
rules,” in analogy with the electric dipoles in water ice. In two dimensions, one can similarly …

Arrays of dipolar coupled ferromagnetic islands arranged in specific geometries provide
ideal systems to directly study frustration. We have examined with photoemission electron …

Artificial spin ice has become a valuable tool for understanding magnetic interactions on a
microscopic level. The strength in the approach lies in the ability of a synthetic array of …

Although initially introduced to mimic the spin-ice pyrochlores, no artificial spin ice has yet
exhibited the expected degenerate ice phase with critical correlations similar to the …

Spin ice, a peculiar thermal state of a frustrated ferromagnet on the pyrochlore lattice, has a
finite entropy density and excitations carrying magnetic charge. By combining analytical …

We have studied frustrated kagome arrays and unfrustrated honeycomb arrays of
magnetostatically interacting single-domain ferromagnetic islands with magnetization …

Geometrical frustration in magnetic materials often gives rise to exotic, low-temperature
states of matter, such as the ones observed in spin ices. Here we report the imaging of the …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Complex disordered states—from liquids and glasses to exotic quantum matter—are
ubiquitous in nature. Their key properties include finite entropy, power-law correlations and …