Chloride (Cl) is the most abundant physiological anion. Abnormalities in Cl regulation are
instrumental in the development of several important diseases including motor disorders …

Insights into chloride regulation in neurons have come slowly, but they are likely to be critical
for our understanding of how the brain works. The reason is that the intracellular Cl-level ([Cl …

Chloride (Cl) participates in a variety of physiological functions. To study processes
connected with Cl homeostasis we need effective and quantitative probes allowing …

This review briefly discusses the main approaches for monitoring chloride (Cl−), the most
abundant physiological anion. Noninvasive monitoring of intracellular Cl−([Cl−] i) is a …

We constructed a novel optical indicator for chloride ions by fusing the chloride-sensitive
yellow fluorescent protein with the chloride-insensitive cyan fluorescent protein. The ratio of …

Monitoring of the intracellular concentrations of Cl− and H+ requires sensitive probes that
allow reliable quantitative measurements without perturbation of cell functioning. For these …

Chloride (Cl−) homeostasis is known to be fundamental for central nervous system
functioning. Alterations in intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−] i) and changes in the efficacy …

Within the nervous system, intracellular Cl− and pH regulate fundamental processes
including cell proliferation, metabolism, synaptic transmission, and network excitability. Cl …

We describe here a molecular genetic approach for imaging synaptic inhibition. The thy-1
promoter was used to express high levels of Clomeleon, a ratiometric fluorescent indicator …

Intracellular chloride ([Cl−] i) and pH (pHi) are fundamental regulators of neuronal
excitability. They exert wide-ranging effects on synaptic signaling and plasticity and on …