We have characterized four new families of homologous genes of the mosquito, Anopheles
gambiae, all of which include members shown by previous work to be cuticular in nature …

In the Apis mellifera post-genomic era, RNAi protocols have been used in functional
approaches. However, sample manipulation and invasive methods such as injection of …

The equilibrium sequence diversity of genes within a population and the rate of sequence
divergence between populations or species depends on a variety of factors, including …

Background Hypopharyngeal glands (HG) of honeybee workers play an important role in
honeybee nutrition and caste differentiation. Previous research mainly focused on age …

The Na/K pump, or Na, K-ATPase, is a key enzyme to the homeostasis of osmotic pressure,
cell volume, and the maintenance of electrochemical gradients. Its α subunit, which holds …

Juvenile hormones (JH), produced by the corpora allata, have an essential role in growth
and development, morphogenesis, and reproductive processes of insects. The output of JH …

Omnipresent in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems and of undisputed ecological and
economical importance, the study of social insects is an area that continues to attract a vast …

Theoretical studies predict X chromosomes and autosomes should be under different
selection pressures, and there should therefore be differences in sex-specific and sexually …

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a social insect that shows complex and integrated
behaviors. Its ability to read and respond to several sets of extrinsic and intrinsic signals is …

Background Genome sequencing projects have been completed for several species
representing four highly diverged holometabolous insect orders, Diptera, Hymenoptera …