Faced with environmental stress, the females of many marine invertebrate species can
isolate their brood chambers from the external environment for prolonged periods. Although …

The oyster Ostrea chilensis develops in estuaries and incubates its embryos inside the
pallial cavity. Reduced external salinity triggers valve closure and isolation of the brood …

Organisms that encounter stressful situations in nature often cope using behavioral (eg,
avoidance) or physiological tactics. In sessile mollusks, the only available behavioral option …

The sedentary gastropod Crepipatella dilatata encapsulates its embryos and incubates them
in the pallial cavity. Females can deliberately isolate their embryos from the external …

At reduced salinities, brooding females of some gastropods and bivalves may isolate their
mantle cavities from the environment for several days, maintaining internal osmotic …

Brooding in invertebrates serves to protect embryos from stressful external conditions by
retaining progeny inside the female body, effectively reducing the risk of pelagic stages …

During their reproductive period, females of Crepipatella dilatata deposit their embryos in
capsules that they then brood in the pallial cavity until juveniles emerge several weeks later …

Crepipatella dilatata is an estuarine gastropod that broods its encapsulated embryos in the
pallial cavity for several weeks before releasing juveniles. When environmental quality …

Although periods of severely reduced oxygen concentration are occurring with increasing
frequency in coastal marine ecosystems, the effects of such exposures on early …

Female amphipods (Crustacea) carry their fertilized eggs in an external brood pouch until
the fully formed juveniles emerge (passive brood care). They may also direct specific …