Diverse animals have evolved an ability to collect antimicrobial compounds from the
environment as a means of reducing infection risk. Honey bees battle an extensive …

Honey bees, as social insects, rely on collective behavioral defenses that produce a colony-
level immune phenotype, or social immunity, which in turn impacts the immune response of …

Social immunity, which describes how individual behaviors of group members effectively
reduce disease and parasite transmission at the colony level, is an emerging field in social …

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are constantly dealing with threats from pathogens, pests,
pesticides and poor nutrition. It is critically important to understand how honey bees' natural …

The constant pressure posed by parasites has caused species throughout the animal
kingdom to evolve suites of mechanisms to resist infection. Individual barriers and …

Honeybees have developed many unique mechanisms to help ensure the proper
maintenance of homeostasis within the hive. One method includes the collection of …

The development of all honey bee castes proceeds through three different life stages all of
which encounter microbial infections to a various extent. We have examined the immune …

As a managed pollinator, the honey bee Apis mellifera is critical to the American agricultural
enterprise. Recent colony losses have thus raised concerns; possible explanations for bee …

Background Immune response pathways have been relatively well-conserved across animal
species, with similar systems in both mammals and invertebrates. Interestingly, honey bees …

To explore immune system activation in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., larvae of four ages
were exposed through feeding to spores of a natural pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae larvae …