Transcranial near infrared laser therapy (NILT) improves behavioral outcome following
embolic strokes in embolized rabbits and clinical rating scores in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) …

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after stroke is linked to the up-regulation of
metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammation. This study examines the effects of …

This work reviews the neuropharmacology of the vestibular system, with an emphasis on the
mechanism of action of drugs used in the treatment of vestibular disorders. Otolaryngologists …

Background and Purpose—Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the scavenger receptor CD36 are
key molecular sensors for the innate immune response to invading pathogens. However …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a
traditional medicinal herb, Andrographis paniculata. It possesses potent anti‐inflammatory …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mediators of brain injury in ischemia/reperfusion. An
involvement of the NADPH oxidase Nox2 has been demonstrated. In contrast, only little is …

Background and Purpose Microglia are resident immunocompenent and phagocytic cells of
central nervous system (CNS), which produce various cytokines and growth factors in …

Phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol, collectively referred to as
phosphoinositides, occur in the cytoplasmic leaflet of cellular membranes and regulate …

In models of ischemic stroke, TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining is
commonly applied for the fast and reliable visualization of hypoxic brain tissue and for …

Brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia, the most common cause of stroke, develops from a
series of pathological processes, including excitotoxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis. While …