Mature B cells generate protective immunity by undergoing immunoglobulin (Ig) class
switching and somatic hypermutation, two Ig gene-diversifying processes that usually …

IgD emerged soon after IgM at the time of inception of the adaptive immune system. Despite
its evolutionary conservation from fish to humans, the specific functions of IgD have only …

The past 20 years have seen a growing interest over the control of adaptive immune
responses by the innate immune system. In particular, considerable attention has been paid …

Adaptive co‐evolution of mammals and bacteria has led to the establishment of complex
commensal communities on mucosal surfaces. In spite of having available a wealth of …

A small subset of B cells, termed B-1 cells, with developmental origins, phenotypes, and
functions that are distinct from those of conventional B cells exist in mice. It contributes the …

Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological
memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long‐lived antibody‐producing …

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody isotype that mature B cells express
together with IgM through alternative RNA splicing. Here we report active T cell–dependent …

Background Aberrant CD40 ligand (CD154) expression occurs on both T cells and B cells in
human lupus patients, which is suggested to enhance B cell CD40 signaling and play a role …

The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of commensal microorganisms that
collectively form the microbiome and make essential contributions to organism homeostasis …

Dynamic interactions between B and T cells underpin the development of adaptive humoral
immune responses to infections and vaccines. Recent advances in the molecular and …