In addition to the well-known light-driven outward proton pumps, novel ion-pumping
rhodopsins functioning as outward Na+ and inward Cl− pumps have been recently found in …

Light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are widely distributed in microorganisms and are now
classified into the categories of outward H+ and Na+ pumps and an inward Cl− pump. These …

Thousands of light-driven proton-pumping rhodopsins have been found in marine microbes,
and a light-driven sodium-ion pumping rhodopsin was recently discovered, which utilizes …

Rhodopsins are light-sensing proteins used in optogenetics. The word “rhodopsin”
originates from the Greek words “rhodo” and “opsis,” indicating rose and sight, respectively …

Microbial rhodopsins are a large family of photoreceptive membrane proteins with diverse
light-regulated functions. While the most ubiquitous microbial rhodopsins are light-driven …

Rhodopsins are one of the most studied photoreceptor protein families, and ion‐
translocating rhodopsins, both pumps and channels, have recently attracted broad attention …

Microbial rhodopsins are well known as versatile and ubiquitous light-driven ion transporters
and photosensors. While the proton transport mechanism has been studied in great detail …

Many H+-pump rhodopsins conserve" H+ donor" residues in cytoplasmic (CP) half channels
to quickly transport H+ from the CP medium to Schiff bases at the center of these proteins …

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and halorhodopsin (HR) are light-driven outward proton and inward
chloride pumps, respectively. They have similar protein architecture, being composed of …

Microbial rhodopsins are versatile and ubiquitous retinal-binding proteins that function as
light-driven ion pumps, light-gated ion channels, and photosensors, with potential utility as …