Altricial bird species, like red-winged blackbirds, hatch at an immature state of functional
maturity with limited aerobic capacity and no endothermic capacity. Over the next 10–12 …

The body temperature (Tb) of brooded Agapornis nestlings increased with age from 36.2 on
the day of hatching to 38.9° C on day 11.5, whereas the thermally neutral ambient …

In the externally pipped chicken embryo, oxygen consumption through the chorioallantoic
membrane (V ̇ O 2CAM) ranged between 2 and 55%(mean∼ 24%) of that through the …

We investigated the effect of exposure to CO 2 during development on the adult ventilatory
response to CO 2 of zebra finches. Developing zebra finches were exposed to chronic …

Precocial birds begin embryonic life with an ectothermic metabolic phenotype and rapidly
develop an endothermic phenotype after hatching. Switching to a high-energy, endothermic …

The fractional concentration of CO 2 within the occupied burrows of burrow-dwelling birds
has been measured at 0.065 or higher while the fractional concentration of O 2 can be 0.14 …

We investigated the effects of sustained embryonic hypoxia on the neonatal ventilatory
chemosensitivity. White Leghorn chicken eggs were incubated at 38° C either in 21% O2 …

4.1. Introduction The altricial-precocial condition has traditionally been used to describe the
morphological and behavioral characteristics of different species of bird chicks at the time of …

The possible relationship between CO2 responsiveness and body mass in birds was
explored using newly acquired ventilatory data from the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, and …

Acclimatization to hypoxia increases the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in mammals.
The literature on humans shows that several protocols can quantify this increase in HVR if …