Urinary tract infections affect mostly females. The infection and possible consequent ascent
of bacteria is enhanced by various risk factors. Sex hormones regulate gene transcription …

Gender-specific differences in infection and the immune response can be seen as early as
birth. With a few notable exceptions, in infections where a gender difference exists, being …

Biological sex, being female or male, broadly influences diverse immune phenotypes,
including immune responses to diseases at mucosal surfaces. Sex hormones, sex …

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans
usually caused by Escherichia coli. In our body, estrogen and progesterone hormones play …

Epidemiological data imply a role of estrogen in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections
(UTIs), although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. However, it is thought …

Background Sex differences are important epidemiological factors that impact in the
frequency and severity of infectious diseases. A clear sexual dimorphism in bacterial …

Clinical data suggest an impact of estrogen on the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections
(UTI). In particular, women after menopause often suffer from recurrent UTI, characterized by …

Sex hormones such as androgens, estrogens and progestins can directly interact with
lymphocytes, macrophages and other significant immune cells, influencing their …

Epidemiological and experimental data suggest the association of gender and sex with
susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases (Moss, 2005). Gender and sex likely affect …

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are now considered to be among the most common
human infections. The incidence of STD is on the rise, which is partly due to frequent …