Sex differences between women and men are often overlooked and underappreciated when
studying the cardiovascular system. It has been long assumed that men and women are …

The greater incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease in men and
postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women has been related, in part, to …

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
men and women in developed countries, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming …

Earlier research has presumed that the male and female biology is similar in most organs
except the reproductive system, leading to major misconceptions in research interpretations …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidity and mortality for both men
and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausal women, but their incidence rises sharply …

The ability to recognize and appreciate from a reproductive standpoint that males and
females possess different attributes has been long standing. Only more recently have we …

Gender-associated differences in the development of cardiovascular diseases have been
described in humans and animals. These differences could explain the low incidence of …

Human response to different physiologic stimuli and cardiovascular (CV) adaptation to
various pathologies seem to be gender specific. Sex‐steroid hormones have been …

Background: Sex hormones play a significant role in human physiology. Estrogen may have
protective effects in the cardiovascular system, as evidenced by the decreased incidence of …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …