B cells can present antigens to CD4+ T cells, but it is thought that dendritic cells (DCs) are
the primary initiators of naive CD4+ T cell responses. Nanoparticles, including virus-like …

Introduction: Immunization has been a remarkably successful public health intervention;
however, new approaches to vaccine design are essential to counter existing and emerging …

Strategies to qualitatively and quantitatively enhance the humoral response to
immunizations with protein and polysaccharide antigens are of broad interest for …

Nanotechnology increasingly plays a significant role in vaccine development. As vaccine
development orientates toward less immunogenic “minimalist” compositions, formulations …

The failure of immune responses to vaccines and dysfunctional immune responses to viral
infection, tumor development, or neoantigens lead to chronic viral infection, tumor …

Vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. However, there
are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has …

Nanosized particles including nanovaccines are a novel approach to the development of
vaccines to combat diseases. Nanovaccines have the promise to utilize the immune system …

Although vaccination is historically one of the most successful strategies for the prevention of
infectious diseases, development of vaccines for cancer and many chronic infections, such …

Explosive growth in nanotechnology has merged with vaccine development in the battle
against diseases caused by bacterial or viral infections and malignant tumors. Due to …

In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to
concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple …