Biological structures in nature are made out of components which respond to external cues
present in their environments. For example, sea creatures and plants swell and deswell to …

Among several materials that can be processed to present a shape-morphing effect (four-
dimensional (4D) printing), hydrogels have gained their importance due to the ability to …

Abstract 4D printing, the fabrication of dynamic 3D objects, has emerged as a frontier in
additive manufacturing, benefiting from rapid advancements in 3D printing technologies and …

Facile preparation of architectures with precise control of shape deformations are crucial
challenges due to the complicated process technique and harsh demands of the active …

The present protocol describes the creation of four-dimensional (4D), time-dependent,
shape-changeable, stimuli-responsive soft robots using a three-dimensional (3D) bio …

Abstract 4D printed objects are 3D printed structures whose shape, property, and
functionality are able to self‐transform when exposed to a predetermined stimulus. The …

This review discusses the currently available 3D printing approaches, design concepts, and
materials that are used to obtain programmable hydrogel actuators. These polymer …

Abstract 3D printing of hydrogels has become an attractive option for biomedical
researchers. Numerous additive manufacturing techniques have been utilized to produce …

The stimuli-responsive hydrogel is a competitive material for four dimensional printing due to
its good deformability, promising biocompatibility, simple manufacturing, and low cost. In …

Abstract 4D printed hydrogels are 3D printed objects whose properties and functions are
programmable. In the definition of 4D printing, the fourth dimension arises from the ability of …