Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. It is prevalent amongst
patients with cardiovascular disease, in whom it is associated with worse clinical outcomes …

Heart disease is a common manifestation in conditions of iron imbalance. Normal heart
function requires coupling of iron supply for oxidative phosphorylation and redox signalling …

The cardiovascular system requires iron to maintain its high energy demands and metabolic
activity. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport and storage, mitochondrial function, and …

Iron is an essential micronutrient for a myriad of physiological processes in the body beyond
erythropoiesis. Iron deficiency (ID) is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure …

Iron is an essential trace element associated with both pathologic deficiency and toxic
overload. Thus, systemic and cell iron metabolism are highly controlled processes regulated …

In patients with heart failure, iron deficiency is frequent but overlooked, with a prevalence of
30%–50%. Since it contributes to cardiac and peripheral muscle dysfunction, iron deficiency …

Iron is necessary for the life of practically all living things, yet it may also harm people
toxically. Accordingly, humans and other mammals have evolved an effective and tightly …

Iron is an essential trace element required for several vital physiological and developmental
processes, including erythropoiesis, bone, and neuronal development. Iron metabolism and …

Iron is a key micronutrient for the human body and participates in biological processes, such
as oxygen transport, storage, and utilization. Iron homeostasis plays a crucial role in the …

Heart failure (HF) is a common disease that causes significant limitations on the organism's
capacity and, in extreme cases, leads to death. Clinically, iron deficiency (ID) plays an …