Abstract d-Alanine (d-Ala) is an unusual endogenous amino acid present in invertebrates
and vertebrates. Compared to its l-isomer, the characterization of d-Ala is challenging …

Abstract d-Amino acids, the enantiomers of l-amino acids, are candidates to be novel
physiologically active substances and the biomarkers in mammals. However, the amounts of …

The last two decades have witnessed remarkable advance in our understanding the role of
d‐amino acids in the mammalian nervous system: from the unknown, to known molecules …

It was long believed that d-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratorial artifacts
and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by l-amino acids …

More than half a century ago researchers thought that d-amino acids had a minor function
compared to l-enantiomers in biological processes. Many evidences have shown that d …

In nature, amino acids are found in two forms, L and D enantiomers, except for glycine which
does not have a chiral center. The change of one form to the other will lead to a change in …

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the roles of ᴅ-amino acids and latest
research findings, to reveal their fascinating aspects and to facilitate better understanding of …

Abstract d-Aspartate, d-serine and d-alanine are a regular occurrence in mammalian
endocrine tissues, though in amounts varying with the type of gland. The pituitary gland …

Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal
transmitters. Only L‐amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including …

The l-enantiomer is the predominant type of amino acid in all living systems. However, d-
amino acids, once thought to be “unnatural”, have been found to be indigenous even in …