In meta-analysis, study participants are nested within studies, leading to a multilevel data
structure. The traditional random effects model can be considered as a model with a random …

The term “multilevel meta-analysis” is encountered not only in applied research studies, but
in multilevel resources comparing traditional meta-analysis to multilevel meta-analysis. In …

Meta-analysis is an indispensable tool used to synthesize research findings in the social,
educational, medical, management, and behavioral sciences. Most meta-analytic models …

In meta-analysis, dependent effect sizes are very common. An example is where in one or
more studies the effect of an intervention is evaluated on multiple outcome variables for the …

In this article, the authors compare the multilevel meta-analysis approach with the more
traditional meta-analytical approaches. After a description and comparison of the under …

When combining results across related studies, a multivariate meta‐analysis allows the joint
synthesis of correlated effect estimates from multiple outcomes. Joint synthesis can improve …

Although dependence in effect sizes is ubiquitous, commonly used meta-analytic methods
assume independent effect sizes. We describe and illustrate three-level extensions of a …

Deciding whether to use a fixed-effect model or a random-effects model is a primary
decision an analyst must make when combining the results from multiple studies through …

Meta‐analytic methods have been widely applied to education, medicine, and the social
sciences. Much of meta‐analytic data are hierarchically structured because effect size …

Meta-analysis summarizes the results of a series of trials. When more than two treatments
are included in the trials and when the set of treatments tested differs between trials, the …