Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Multicellular organisms constantly encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Although
insects lack an adaptive immune system, they do have powerful means of fighting infections …

The innate immunity is the immediate and sole response of invertebrates for the protection
against foreign substances and pathogens. In insects, it relies on both humoral and cellular …

Under continual attack from both microbial pathogens and multicellular parasites, insects
must cope with immune challenges every day of their lives. However, this has not prevented …

In response to bacterial and fungal infections in insects and mammals, distinct families of
innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate highly complex intracellular …

Infectious agents threaten any organism. Therefore, mammals and insects have evolved a
complex network of cells and humoral factors termed immune system able to control and …

Due to the exposure of insects to various sources of pathogens during different stages of
their life cycle and their vulnerability towards subsequent infections, moreover lack of …

Due to the exposure of insects to various sources of pathogens during different stages of
their life cycle and their vulnerability towards subsequent infections, moreover lack of …

The innate immune system of insects relies on both humoral and cellular immune responses
that are mediated via activation of several signalling pathways. Haemocytes are the primary …

The insect immune response demonstrates many similarities to the innate immune response
of mammals and a wide range of insects is now employed to assess the virulence of …