Revascularization surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are sometimes
necessary to manage coronary heart disease (CHD). However, more than half of these …

Despite novel surgical therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis, restenosis continues to
be a significant impediment to the long-term success of vascular interventions. Transforming …

The adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capacity. Following myocardial
infarction, sudden necrosis of cardiomyocytes triggers an intense inflammatory reaction that …

INTRODUCTION: We have previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-
β) in the presence of elevated levels of Smad3, its primary signaling protein, stimulates rat …

OBJECTIVES: The biological functions of transforming growth factor-β signaling that
involves Smad proteins have not been previously investigated with respect to coronary …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is upregulated at the time of arterial injury; however,
the mechanism through which TGF-β enhances the development of intimal hyperplasia is …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are of structurally related proteins that
mediate developmental processes including cell growth, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a role in vascular remodeling by stimulating
vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth and matrix-protein synthesis at sites of vascular …

Atherosclerotic-associated diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States.
Despite recent progress, interventional treatments for atherosclerosis can be complicated by …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of
proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival of many different cell types. The role of …