Ophthalmic epidemiology is concerned with the prevalence, distribution and other factors
relating to human eye disease. While observational studies cannot avoid confounding …

Purpose Randomised controlled trials (RCT s) allow reliable causal inferences to be drawn
regarding the effectiveness of specific interventions. However, they are expensive to carry …

Modern high-throughput experiments provide a rich resource to investigate causal
determinants of disease risk. Mendelian randomization (MR) is the use of genetic variants as …

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in
the industrialised world and is projected to affect> 280 million people worldwide by 2040 …

Commentary Relton & Davey Smith as an intermediate phenotype that lie between genetic
variation and disease-related phenotype [12]. As with intermediate phenotypes in an MR …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method of studying the causal effects of modifiable
exposures (ie, potential risk factors) on health, social, and economic outcomes using genetic …

While population-scale neuroimaging studies offer the promise of discovery and
characterisation of subtle risk factors, massive sample sizes increase the power for both …

The Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm allows for causal inferences to be drawn
using genetic data. In recent years, the expansion of well-powered publicly available genetic …

Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of …

Confounding and reverse causality have prevented us from drawing meaningful clinical
interpretation even in well-powered observational studies. Confounding may be attributed to …