Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

Every year, millions of people around the world undergo bone graft and artificial prosthesis
transplants which engenders the repair and/or replacement of native bone for treating bone …

Abstract 3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts
because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' …

Critical-sized bone defect repair remains a substantial challenge in clinical settings and
requires bone grafts or bone substitute materials. However, existing biomaterials often do …

Regenerating large bone defects remains a significant clinical challenge, motivating
increased interest in additive manufacturing and 3D bioprinting to engineer superior bone …

Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair
and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

The suffering from organ dysfunction due to damaged or diseased tissue/bone has been
globally on the rise. Current treatment strategies for non-union bone defects include: the use …

Several attempts have been made to engineer a viable three‐dimensional (3D) bone tissue
equivalent using conventional tissue engineering strategies, but with limited clinical …

Tissue engineering is promising in realizing successful treatments of human body tissue
loss that current methods cannot treat well or achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In …