Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect people who have
directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Experiencing multiple types of traumas appears …

Childhood trauma exposure is a significant public health problem. While adult mental health
consequences of such experiences are well documented, sex differences in both …

Neurobiological systems may be particularly susceptible to the deleterious impact of
childhood trauma, and the impact of childhood trauma on development and subsequent …

All experiences change the brain, but not all experiences affect the brain equally. Because
the brain is developing and organizing at such an explosive rate in the first years of life …

This mini-review refers to recent findings on psychobiological long-term consequences of
childhood trauma and adverse living conditions. The continuum of trauma-provoked …

Traumatic experiences early in life predispose animals and humans to later cognitive-
behavioral, emotional, and somatic problems. In humans, traumatic experiences are strong …

Empirical findings regarding childhood traumatic stress are placed within a developmental
life-trajectory model that incorporates a tripartite etiology of posttrauma distress. This …

Traumatic stress exposure during critical periods of development may have essential and
long-lasting effects on the physical and mental health of individuals. Two thirds of youth are …

Exposure to interpersonal violence or abuse affects the physical and emotional well-being of
affected individuals. In particular, exposure to trauma during development increases the risk …

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability in childhood. Injured children are at high
risk for developing alterations in stress response systems and post-traumatic stress …