A current survey and synthesis of the most important findings in our understanding of the
neurobiological mechanisms of addiction is detailed in our Neurobiology of Addiction series …

Opioid addiction and overdose are at record levels in the United States. This is driven, in
part, by their widespread prescription for the treatment of pain, which also increased …

Over the past 2 decades, addiction has been at the forefront of American society, media, and
politics through coverage of the opioid epidemic. The most recent data from the Centers for …

Highlights•Alterations in endogenous opioid system components occur in development of
addiction.•Human studies and animal models show opioid genes contribute to addiction …

This chapter presents an overview of the opioid system consisting of a wide variety of
endogenous and exogenous ligands, as well as several receptor types, which activate …

This review article addresses molecular studies that have been focused on in recent years,
especially against opioid dependence and other side effects, and it has raised the question …

The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by
endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin …

A number of dramatic breakthroughs in the neurobiology of addiction have occurred in the
past 40 years. Two domains will be highlighted: the neurocircuitry of addiction and the …

Opioid misuse and addiction have taken a massive toll on society, including lives lost,
socioeconomic disruption, financial costs, and a burden on the health care system. This has …

Opioid tolerance, dependence, and addiction are all manifestations of brain changes
resulting from chronic opioid abuse. The opioid abuser's struggle for recovery is in great part …